Brain Storming nyelvtanulási segédletei

 (idea&drawing: Brain Storming)

Putin test-launches ‘Satan 2’ nuclear missile to make West ‘think twice’

By  Lee Brown April 21, 2022 8:39am 

Russia test-launched an “unstoppable” nuclear missile dubbed the “Satan 2” this week — with President Vladimir Putin yet again threatening the potential for nuclear war.

The Sarmat ICBM was launched Wednesday in northern Russia, with its practice warheads reaching mock targets more than 3,500 miles away on the far eastern Kamchatka Peninsula, the Kremlin said.

“The Sarmat is the most powerful missile that has the highest range in the world, and it will significantly bolster the capability of the country’s strategic nuclear forces,” the Defense Ministry said in a statement.

Putin — who has repeatedly threatened to use his nuclear arsenal since invading Ukraine in late February — said the test should provide “food for thought” for the West.

“This really unique weapon will strengthen the combat potential of our armed forces, reliably ensure Russia’s security from external threats and make those, who in the heat of frantic aggressive rhetoric try to threaten our country, think twice,” the warmongering leader said.

He bragged that the missile “has the highest tactical and technical characteristics and is capable of overcoming all modern means of anti-missile defense.”

Dmitry Rogozin, head of the state Roscosmos agency that oversees the missile factory building the Sarmat, described Wednesday’s test of the “superweapon” as a “present to NATO.”

Igor Korotchenko, editor in chief of Russia’s National Defence magazine, called it proof that the Kremlin was capable of delivering “crushing retribution that will put an end to the history of any country that has encroached on the security of Russia and its people.”

Despite the ominous statements, Russia gave the US an advance warning of its test, the Pentagon said.

“It was not a surprise. We did not deem the test to be a threat to the United States or its allies,” Pentagon spokesman John Kirby insisted.

It is just Putin’s latest threat of all-out nuclear war.

When he announced the invasion eight weeks ago, Putin made a pointed reference to Russia’s nuclear forces and warned the West that any attempt to get in its way “will lead you to such consequences that you have never encountered in your history.”

Days later, he ordered Russia’s nuclear forces to be put on high alert.

United Nations Secretary-General Antonio Guterres admitted last month, “The prospect of nuclear conflict, once unthinkable, is now back within the realm of possibility.”

The Sarmat has been under development for several years as a replacement to the Soviet-made Voyevoda, which was code-named Satan by the West and forms the core of Russia’s nuclear deterrent.

It is capable of carrying hypersonic glide vehicles along with other types of warheads, the Kremlin said. That could include the Avangard hypersonic vehicle, which is capable of flying 27 times faster than the speed of sound and making sharp maneuvers to dodge missile shields.

With Post wires

whenever

if the case is/was that

If I were (you),

IF … as/so long as, assuming (that), given (that), in the event that, on (the) condition (that), provided/providing (that), suppose/supposing (that), unless

whether or not

in case

if only

if and when

even if

as if (/ as though)

what if

if not, if so

If it weren't for / Were it not for

1. If the baby is a boy, we will call him Jenő.
2. If the baby was a boy, we would call him Jenő.
3. If the baby had been a boy, we would have called him Jenő.
4. If I were a rich man, I wouldn't have to work hard.
5. I wouldn't have to work hard if I were a rich man.
6. I wouldn't have paid so much for those shoes (if I had been you).
7. Doris often asked her mother if she would be rich when she grew up.
8. Switch it off WHEN the film is over.
9. If x equals -4 and y equals -3, then x times y equals +12.
10. If you wait for me, I'll give you a lift.
11. If it RAINS tomorrow, we'LL PLAY RUMMY all day.
12. If it RAINS tomorrow, we WON'T GO to the beach.
13. If it DOESN'T RAIN tomorrow, we'LL GO to the beach.
14. If it DOESN'T RAIN tomorrow, we WON'T PLAY RUMMY all day.
15. Will Uncle Alf be pleased if we buy him a new pipe?
16. Won't the children be disappointed if you don't take them to the zoo?
17. If you can come round sometime, I'll show you my etchings.
18. If we must queue for the tickets, we'll miss the beginning.
19. I'll buy you a beer if we needn't wait long in the bank.
20. If he should miss his connection at Moscow, he'll have to stay overnight.
21. How will you provide for your family if you should lose your job?
22. How will you provide for your family if you happen to lose your job?
23. What will you do if you should happen to lose your job?
24. I'm sorry but I won't answer the door if I'm feeding the baby.
25. If I've done everything by midday, I'll give you a ring in your office.
26. They won't fire Smith if he's been working here for 30 years next year.
27. If you can't come in the morning, I'll be waiting for you in the pub.
28. If you don't leave me, we'll have been together for 10 years next year.
29. He'll have been managing the firm for 20 years if he stays until July.
30. If you hear any noise inside, call the police immediately.
31. If you should see Pat, could you tell her I'm busy all week?
32. You'd better cancel the trip if you don't feel better tomorrow.
33. Don't switch on the TV in the morning if I'm still sleeping.
34. If it rains tomorrow, we're going to play rummy all day.
35. How are you going to provide for your family if you lose your job?
36. If it's sunny tomorrow, we can go for a swim.
37. They might change their minds if you don't reply until next week.
38. They may change their minds if you don't reply until next week.
39. If we cannot come to a decision now, we shall resume the debate tomorrow.
40. If you call me names again, I'll punch your nose.
41. I'll break your neck if you tear it.
42. If you are nice to me, I'll buy you a box of chocolates.
43. I'll do anything you want if you leave me alone now.
44. Call me names again and I'll punch your nose.
45. Leave me alone now or I'll never talk to you again.
46. Be nice to me and I'll buy you a box of chocolates.
47. If it didn't rain tomorrow, we could go rowing. (If it doesn't [happen to] rain…)
48. If I HAD the time, I WOULD go.
49. If he LOVED Cathy, he'D MARRY her.
50. If he LOVED Cathy, he WOULDN'T DIVORCE her.
51. If he DIDN'T LOVE Cathy, he WOULDN'T MARRY her.
52. If he DIDN'T LOVE Cathy, he'D DIVORCE her.
53. Would the children understand me if I didn't have an Australian accent?
54. Wouldn't you work at all if your husband was a millionaire?
55. If I were younger, I would surely not mind such inconveniences.
56. Mrs Boobah wouldn't be so generous if she were in your position.
57. If I were you, I'd buy the Pontiac.
58. I wouldn't resign if I were.
59. If Bud could cook, he wouldn't have to eat in a restaurant every day.
60. Hud would cook every day if he could use his landlady's kitchen.
61. If Barbara was studying, the lights would be on.
62. If Barbara were studying, the lights would be on.
63. We wouldn't be late for the concert if you were eating a bit faster.
64. Sandra could type much faster if she didn't drink so heavily. [= Sandra would be able to type...]
65. If Billy had better school results, he could go out at weekends. [=...he would be allowed to go out...]
66. She could buy a car if she could drive.
67. We should be very pleased if you submitted your proposal in writing.
68. If Jake was here now, he would be drinking his seventh pint.
69. You see, we could be playing tennis now if it wasn't raining.
70. You see, we could be playing tennis now if it weren't raining.
71. It would be very kind of you if you put all this down on paper.
72. If I were you, I'd stick to my own decision.
73. If I were in your position, I'd stick to my own decision.
74. Would it be OK by you if I telephoned you early tomorrow morning?
75. If he'D LOVED Cathy, he'D HAVE MARRIED her.
76. If he'D LOVED Cathy, he WOULD'VE MARRIED her.
77. If he'D LOVED Cathy, he WOULDN'T HAVE DIVORCED her.
78. If he HADN'T LOVED Cathy, he WOULDN'T HAVE MARRIED her.
79. If he HADN'T LOVED Cathy, he'D HAVE DIVORCED her.
80. What would've happened if Endresz and Magyar had fallen into the ocean?
81. Would you've had the time if I'd had the money?
82. Wouldn't it have been better if we'd all gone to the cinema instead?
83. If she'd been wearing gloves, she wouldn't have left fingerprints behind.
84. He would've noticed the boss if he hadn't been dancing on the table.
85. Sandra could've typed much better if she hadn't drunk so much gin. [= Sandra would have been able to type...]
86. If Billy had had better school results, he could've gone out at weekends. [=...he would've been allowed to go out...]
87. Glenda might've died if she hadn't had a crash helmet on.
88. I could've been entertaining the guests if you'd been serving the food.
89. If I hadn't known you guys were coming, I might have been having my bath.
90. Anna would've been wearing gloves if she hadn't been in such a hurry.
91. If [= whenever] she is sleepy, she's [always] sulky.
92. If [the case is that] it's ten o'clock, of course she is sleepy.
93. If [the case is that] it's ten o'clock, she must be sleepy.
94. If [=whenever] she was sleepy, she was always sulky.
95. If [the case was that] it was ten o'clock, of course she was sleepy.
96. If [the case was that] it was ten o'clock, she must've been sleepy.
97. If she was sleepy, she would've told us.
98. If she were sleepy, she would've told us.
99. We wouldn't have bought a twelve-year-old Trabant if we were richer.
100. If she'd been sleepy, we would still be in the same town now.
101. She'd be a millionaire now if she hadn't left fingerprints behind.
102. Unless you put [If you don't put] the money back, I'll call the police.
103. They won't let you in unless you have a permit.
104. Unless he gives them the jewels, they'll shoot him dead.
105. The company's profits will be good as long as the dollar is not devalued again.
106. The company's profits will be good so long as the dollar is not devalued again.
107. The company's profits will be good on condition (that) the dollar is not devalued again.
108. The company's profits will be good supposing (that) the dollar is not devalued again.
109. Whether or not it rains tomorrow, I'll go to the football match.
110. Whether it rains tomorrow or not, I'll go to the football match.
111. In case they're late, we can always sit in the bar.
112. In case you need me, I'll be in Room 202 all day.
113. Could she speak more languages, she would have much better job prospects. [If she could speak more languages, she would have much better job prospects.]
114. Had she been wearing gloves, she'd never have left fingerprints behind.
115. Should you require a company car, we will willingly provide you with one.
116. Were he more hardworking, he could probably make ends meet more easily.
117. We'll worry about it if and when the police ever find out.
118. Even if I do my best, I feel I'll never get to the end.
119. I'll be waiting for you even if you don't love me any more.
120. He felt as if he'd been sleeping for a hundred years.
121. He felt as though he'd been sleeping for a hundred years.
122. It isn't as if she was so very poor.
123. It isn't as though she was so very poor.
124. You look as if you get on with your parents pretty well.
125. You look as though you get on with your parents pretty well.
126. The last bus is gone - it looks as if we'll have to takea taxi.
127. The boss sounds as if he's going to make a very long speech this time.
128. As if I care/cared whether Hilda's coming to the party!
129. What will happen if...?
130. What would happen if...?
131. What would have happened if...?
132. What if we go to the cinema tonight?
133. And what if I slept in your place afterwards?
134. But what if my dad sees you?
135. Ssh! What if someone had heard us talk about all this?
136. Is anybody watching the TV? If not, I'll turn it off, all right?
137. Is baby asleep yet? If so, we can turn the volume up a bit.
138. If it weren't for this drought, we'd have much better crops. Were it not for this drought,...
139. If it hadn't been for Anna, we'd all have been arrested at Hegyeshalom.
140. If you were to ask him nicely, he would probably help you.
141. If I were to ring you sometime, would you have five minutes to explain?
142. If anybody comes, tell them I'll soon be back.
143. If somebody comes, tell them I'll soon be back.
144. (If I win,) I'll give you all the money (that) I GET.
145. (If I won,) I'd give you all the money (that) I GOT.
146. If you ill kindly wait here, I'll get you the receipt in a minute.
147. If you would kindly wait here, I'll get you the receipt in a minute.
148. Shall I help you in with those bags? - Yes, if you will/would.
149. If you'll stop smoking, (then) I'll stop drinking.

The verb ‘DO’ with different auxiliaries

CAN – can do, *can not do, *cannot do, *can’t do (*certanity/likelyhood), (WH) Can (sy) do?

I can do my homework alone.

I can’t do it if I don’t have enough information.

Can she do her hair?

How can you do it without any help?

*He can’t do the housework – he hates doing it.

COULD (past* and conditional**) could do, could not do, couldn’t do, (Wh) Could (sy) do?

*I could do business with him and it was very profitable.

*He could do nothing without the proper tools.

*They couldn’t do the cooking because there weren’t any vegetables at home.

*Could he do the shopping with the list I had written to him?

*When could you do everything?

**If we could do the cleaning before she arrives home, she would be very happy.

**He couldn’t do the research now because he didn’t have the necessary information.

**Could we do him a favour for his help in our work?

**How could we do a deal with him if don’t have any money?

MAY – may do, may not do, (Wh) May (sy) do?

I may do my best – you know I have been preparing for this for a long time.

May this medicine do me good?

He may not do the exam today. He was very sick this morning.

How may they do a good job without the right tools?

MIGHT – might do, might not do, (Wh) Might (sy) do?

We might do our chores now. We have a lot of free time.

They might not do the operation during an earthquake.

Might he do an interview with the Prime Minister? You know, he doesn’t like the present government.

What might the boss do when none of the workers come to work?

WILL – will do, ‘ll do, will not do, won’t do, (Wh) Will (sy) do?

I think he will do everything for keeping his job.

I won’t do your make-up – do it for yourself.

Will she do a drawing of the married couple?

What will you do if  nobody applies you?

WOULD – would do, ‘d do, would not do, wouldn’t do, (Wh) Would (sy) do?

If you helped me, I would do you a favour.

The class wouldn’t do the maximum if you weren’t their teacher.

Would your accountant do the account for you firm if you had one?

What would you do, if you were fired?

SHALL I? – (Wh) Shall I do?

I don’t like to be the in our hobby garden. What can I do there? Shall I do gardening?

What shall I do while you are cooking?

SHALL WE? – (Wh) Shall we do?

Shall we do the shopping before peak time?

When shall we do the exercises for the best results?

SHOULD – should do, should not do, shouldn’t do, (Wh) Should (sy) do?

You should do what your boss tells you.

You shouldn’t do this; you do damage for your liver.

Should I do something new to have more customers?

What should I do in the shop to make customers come in and buy our goods?

OUGHT TO – ought to do, ought not to do, oughtn’t to do, (Wh) Ought (sy) to do?

The class ought to do a test today but I’m sure they don’t know anything.

You ought not to do loud things when your kids are sleeping.

Ought he to do if faster to finish it at the weekend?

What ought he to do to finish it faster?

USED TO – used to do, did not use to do, didn’t use to do, (Wh) Did (sy) use to do?

I used to do the washing up, but now I have a dishwasher.

I didn’t use to do any exercises when I was younger, but nowadays I have to go to the gym at least 3 times a week.

Did you use to do dangerous things when you lived in the mountains?

Where did you use to work when you lived abroad?

NEED TO – need to do, needs to do, do not need to do, don’t need to do, does not need to do, doesn’t need to do, (Wh) Do(es) (sy) need to do?

I need to do business for my living.

I don’t need to do a lot of work to earn my living.

Does he need to do a deal every day for having a profitable job?

What does she need to do for having a comfortable life?

MUST (*necessity; **certanity/likelihood) must do, ***must not do (=to forbid!) , ***mustn’t do

*We must do it now and not later!

**I think they must be doing it now – I can hear the machines working.

***You mustn’t  do the accounts alone – I’m sure you will make mistakes.

*Must you do this every time my parents come to visit us?

*What must we do if we want them to help us?

HAVE TO – have to do, has to do, do not have to do, don’t have to do,does not have to do, doesn’t have to do, (Wh) Do (sy) have to do? (Wh) Does (sy) have to do?

I have to do a project tomorrow.

He has to do the paperwork and after that he can relax.

You don’t have to do homework this week.

She doesn’t have to do any makeup – she is pretty without it, too.

Do I have to do the cleaning? I’ve got no time!

Does he have to do vacuuming now? I want to work, but I can’t in this noise.

What do I have to do for some food?

When does he have to do the maximum in the match – during the first half or the second half?

(Also with “have got to”)

BE ABLE TO – I’m able to do, I’m not able to do, (Wh) Am I able to do?; (he) is able to do, (he)’s able to do, (he) is not able to do, (he) isn’t able to do, (Wh) Is (he) able to do?; (you) are able to do, (you)’re able to do, (you) are not able to do, (you) aren’t able to do, (Wh) Are (you) able to do?

I’m able to do 12 km per hour for about an hour.

The storm is able to do damage in the building.

They’re able to do the maximum with the proper help.

I’m not able to do good when I am hungry.

He isn’t able to do any studying without the right books.

We aren’t able to do the shopping without money.

Am I able to do this exam? Yes, I think I am.

Is he able to do his test now? He was very sick last night.

Are the boys able to do exercises outside is the rain?

What is he able to do after working 20 hours without a break?

What are you able to do under water without oxigen?

MUST HAVE III – (certanity/likelihood) must have done, must’ve done

He must have done something that the boss didn’t like and that’s why he was fired.

You can say anything – you must have done that you shouldn’t have done.

CAN’T HAVE III - (certanity/likelihood) can’t have done

They can’t have done any work during the working hours and that’s why they are not ready.

He received reprimand. He can’t have done his duty.

COULD HAVE III – could have done, could’ve done, could not have done, couldn’t have done, (Wh) Could (sy) have done?

I could have done my homework but I didn’t have the mood.

He couldn’t have done the accounts so he gave it to me.

Could they have done business abroad with more money?

How much work could they have done at the office with better equipment?

MAY HAVE III – may have done, may’ve done, may not have done, (Wh) May (sy) have done?

I may have done something that she didn’t like.

You may not have done the maximum, but what you did is enough.

There is a lot of food in the fridge. May she have done the shopping while we were at the cinema?

What may they have done with the car? It won’t start.

MIGHT HAVE III – might have done, might not have done, (Wh) Might (sy) have done?

Bob might have done the vacuuming – the carpets are very clean.

The postman might have not brought the parcel that we have been waiting for days.

Might the cleaner have done laundry, too? Every clothes is clean and smelling good.

What might he have eaten that has made him sick?

WOULD HAVE III – would have done, ‘d have done, would not have done, wouldn’t have done, (Wh) Would (sy) have done?

I would have done something if I had had much more time.

She wouldn’t have done it if he hadn’t told her nasty things.

Would you have done exercises if she had asked you to?

What would you have done if you hadn’t been able to go to the party?

SHOULD HAVE III – should have done, should’ve done, should not have done, shouldn’t have done, (Wh) Should (sy) have done?

We should’ve done a course and we could mend it now.

You shouldn’t have done the ironing without asking her.

Should I have done the washing-up? Sorry, I haven’t gone into the kitchen all day so I haven’t seen that the sink is full.

What should I have done to make her happy?

OUGHT TO HAVE III – ought to have done, ought not to have done, oughtn’t to have done, (Wh) Ought (sy) to have done?

They ought to have done military service and they could know what is in the army like.

You ought not to have done drugs – your health is very bad now.

Ought he to have done some gardening in his free time to have some fun?

What ought we to have done to finish this job earlier?

DIDN’T NEED TO – didn’t need to do

He didn’t need to do the shopping, so he had some time in the afternoon.

I didn’t need to do a degree for getting this job.

NEEDN’T HAVE III – needn’t have done

He needn’t have done a good job – his boss will fire him.

You needn’t have done the shopping – the fridge is full of food!

HAD TO – had to do, did not have to do, didn’t have to do, (Wh) Did (sy) have to do?

I had to do exercises because I wanted to get into shape for the beach season.

He didn’t have to do a course because he had the necessary knowledge.

Did she have to do the housework all alone? Didn’t her husband help her?

What did you have to do for this car?

HAVE BEEN ABLE TO – have been able to do, ‘ve been able to do, have not been able to do, haven’t been able to do, has been able to do, ‘s been able to do, has not been able to do, hasn’t been able to do, (Wh) Have (sy) been able to do? (Wh) Has (sy) been able to do?

I have been able to do a good job because I’ve got a good salary so far.

He’s been able to do great translations for a long time.

I haven’t been able to do drawing since I lost my best pencils.

He hasn’t been able to do exercises for some weeks. You know, he had an accident and broke his arm.

Have you been able to do gardening since you bought a garden?

Has she been able to do the housework since she came out of hospital?

How much work have you been able to do this week?

How long has your little daughter been able to do crosswords?

The verb ‘do’ in different tenses - DO (do, does, did, done, doing)

PRESENT SIMPLE – do, does, do not do, don’t do, does not do, doesn’t do

I do what I can.

I don’t do anything when I don’t know the details.

Do you do the washing up in the morning or in the evening?

What do you do at the weekend?

He does everything in the house.

She doesn’t do what I've asked her to.

Does this weather do damages in the fields?

How does a pupil do an exam if he or she doesn’t speak the language of the exam?

PAST SIMPLE – did, did not do, didn’t do

I did what I could.

I didn’t do the ironing – my clothes weren’t crumpled.

Did you call him yesterday?

What did he want to tell the boss?

“BE GOING TO I.” – I am going to do, I am not going to do, he is going to do, he is not going to do, he isn’t going to do, they’re going to do, they are not going to do, they aren’t going to do; going to do = ‘gonna do’

I am going to do nothing at the weekend. I have beeb working all week.

I’m not going to do the laundry – I’ve got enough clean clothes.

What are you going to do exercises instead of having lunch?

He’s going to do sport, so he can’t help you now.

Is he going to do the cooking? … I won’t eat today then!

He isn’t going to do friends during his holidays; he wants to have a long break after his long work days.

How is he going to do a favour for his friends for their help?

We’re going to do business in the capital city.

They aren’t going to do the dishes – they’re going to clean the rooms.

FUTURE SIMPLE – will do, ‘ll do, will not do, won’t do

I’ll do it now and not later.

I won’t do it again, I promise.

Will you do me a favour?

What will they do if we don’t help them?

PRESENT CONTINUOUS – I am doing, I’m not doing, (Wh) Am I doing?; he is doing, he’s doing, he is not doing, he isn’t doing, (Wh) Is he doing?; you are doing, you’re doing, you are not doing, you aren’t doing, (Wh) Are you doing?

I can’t answer the phone, because I’m doing the cooking in the kitchen!

What are you doing? – I’m not doing anything, I mean, I’m lying on the bed and watching TV.

Why am I doing anything for you if you are not listening to me at all?

Don’t speak to him - he’s doing account and he doesn’t want to make a mistake.

Is he doing housework wearing my best clothes?

Don’t be afraid, he is a doctor, he isn’t doing any harm.

What time is she doing the laundry today? – Why? – You know, I don’t want to meet her in the laundry-room.

Do you take the vitamins I gave you? – Yes, I took some this morning too. They’re doing me good in my body at the moment!

Are the girls doing their hair for the party tonight? I’d like to use the bathroom!

Why are you doing your make-up at the dinner table?

They aren’t doing operations at the hospital this month, because the building is being renovated.

PAST CONTINUOUS – was doing, was not doing, wasn’t doing, were doing, were not doing, weren’t doing

I was doing business in the office, when the police called me.

Bob wasn’t doing the shopping at the shop – she was working.

Was she cooking fish soup when she slipt and fell down?

What time was the old woman doing her hair at the dressmaker’s?

My children were doing the dishes when they heard the news about the school.

The boys weren’t doing anything when their father asked them to help him in the garage.

Were you doing your chores in the kitchen when the ceiling fell on you?

What sport were you doing during your holiday?

FUTURE CONTINUOUS – will be doing, ‘ll be doing, will not be doing, won’t be doing

I’ll be doing exercises at 4 pm today – after that we can meet.

She won’t be doing the housework while we will be there.

Will you be doing the interview during the race?

How long will they be doing the operation? Shall I call the doctors before or after the operation?

PRESENT PERFECT – have done, ‘ve done, have not done, haven’t done, has done, ‘s done, has not done, hasn’t done

I’ve done a research about catholic priests’ reading habits. They read the Bible every evening!

Bob has done a favour to me, but I hadn’t asked him to.

I haven’t done the laundry this week and now I don’t have a piece of clean clothes to put on.

She hasn’t done her nails – so she can’t go out.

Have you done your homework? If you have, you can go out to play.

Has the cold weather done any harm for the fruit trees?

PAST PERFECT – had done, ‘d done, had not done, hadn’t done

I had done a course on manding cars before I started my own garage.

She was kind to me after I‘d done a lot of favours to her.

I hadn’t done a lot of work before lunchtime.

Had she done gymnastics before she came? To tell you the truth she had terrible body odor.

Why had he done the paperwork before our meeting? I wanted to discuss him what to write in it.

FUTURE PERFECT – will have done, ‘ll have done, ‘ll’ve done, will not have done, won’t have done, won’t’ve done

I will have done everything when you arrive at the party.

Will the operator have called everybody by the end of the working hours?

They won’t have done their duties by this time next week either.

How will you have done the shopping by 8 pm if you can’t use your car?

The verb ‘BE’ with different auxiliaries

CAN – can be, can not be, cannot be, can’t be (*certanity/likelyhood), (Wh) Can (sy) be?

I can be in front of the building at 5 pm if you like.

I can’t be the last at the race!

*I can’t be his best friend – he didn’t even invite me for his wedding.

Can I be at the door when the celebs arrive?

What can I be at the masquarade ball? Can I be a monster?

He can be here any moment.

He can’t be ill this week – he has a very important show!

*He can’t be the last in the race, because I saw him in a leading position!

Can he be that there, next to that tall girl?

What can it be, if it isn’t food but it looks like that?

You can be what you want to be.

COULD – (past* and conditional**) could be, could not be, couldn’t be, (Wh) Could (sy) be?

*I could be at the right place – but I didn’t know where I was.

**Joe could be the leader of the group, because he has every knowledge that position needs.

*He couldn’t be the reason for failure – he wasn’t even there.

**He couldn’t be the our maths teacher – he knows nothing about numbers!

*Could Bob be the one who called me yesterday? Unfortunately, I couldn’t answer it.

**Could those picures be on the wall of my bedroom? I’d like the view every morning when I’m waking up.

*Where could he be last night?

**What could be the best surprise for her birthday?

MAY – may be, may not be, (Wh) May (sy) be?

Where are my glasses? – They may be under the paper.

She may not be at home now – you know she’s working long hours this week.

May I be here while I’m waiting for Sue?

Where may that book be? Maybe here? No. Perhaps here? No. Ah, I’ve found it!

MIGHT – might be, might not be, (Wh) Might (sy) be?

Have you seen Jake? – He might be in the attic.

He might not be a stupid fool as we have thought so far.

Might his car be in front of her house?

Where might that document be. I can’t find it anywhere.

WILL – will be, ‘ll be, will not be, won’t be, (Wh) Will (sy) be?

I’ll be at the front door at exactly 5 pm.

I won’t be your slave!

Will you be kind to your grandma if I ask you?

What will we do, if it rains all day?

WOULD – would be, ‘d be, would not be, wouldn’t be, (Wh) Would (sy) be?

He would be my boss if I worked there. I’m happy I don’t!

I wouldn’t be good for this position – I can’t wake or get up so early.

Would you be kind and shut up for a moment, please?

Where would you be now, if you could choose?

SHALL I/WE? – Shall I be..? Shall we be …?

Shall I be supporter in this action?

Shall I be sitting at my desk while they are talking to me?

Where shall I be when they arrive?

Shall we be in silence when she shows us the pictures about the party?

Shall we be talking to each other when the girls see us?

Where shall we be during the performance?

SHOULD – should be, should not be, shouldn’t be, (Wh) Should (sy) be?

I should be at home now with my children an not here at this boring company-party.

He should be sleeping and not watching TV.

If he should be up at midnight, please tell him to call me.

Should I be the driver? It won’t work. I don’t have my licence, I’m afraid.

You shouldn’t be so happy – this match hasn’t finished yet.

Where should we go during the spring holiday? To the mountains or to some water?

OUGHT TO – ought to be, ought not to be, oughtn’t to be(Wh)  (sy) be?

You ought to be much smarter when you speak to your boss.

They ought not to drive so fast – this road is very bad.

Ought I to read his letter before I speak to him, what do you think?

Which book ought we to give her as a present?

USED TO – used to be, did not use to be, didn’t use to be, (Wh) Did (sy) use to be …?

I used to be very good at maths at secondary school – now I can’t even work out a simple percentage.

He didn’t use to be so rude to his family members.

Did she use to be your girlfriend, didn’t she?

Why did you use to be an employee at that firm?

NEED TO – need to be, needs to be, don’t need to be, doesn’t need to be(Wh)  (sy) be?

My books need to be on my desk.

My favourite pen needs to be in my pocket when I go out.

These tools don’t need to be here. I don’t use them.

His lunch doesn’t need to be on the table when he arrives home – he told me that he wouldn’t eat but go to be at once.

MUST – (*necessity; **certanity/likelihood) must be, ***must not be (=to forbid!) , ***mustn’t be

*He must be in front of the door, because he is a guard.

**You must be absolutely exhausted after your flight.

*Must this vase on the desk?

*Why must all your family come to my birthday party?

***Your car mustn’t be in front of the entrance. If you don’t put it away, I will call the police.

HAVE TO / HAVE GOT TO – have to be, has to be, don’t have to be, doesn’t have to be; (Wh)  (sy) be? (Wh)  (sy) be? (Wh)  (sy) be?

I have to be at home when my children comes.

You’ve got to be careful with these eggs.

He has to be healthy if he wants to enter the competition.

He’s got to be older to get in the bar.

You don’t have to be an adult to get married.

You haven’t got to be a computer expert to use a PC.

She has to be in bed if she is ill.

She hasn’t got to be very tall to be a model.

Do we have to be outside the house before the birthday party?

Have we got to be on the square to see the fireworks show?

Does Bob have to be one having a degree to get employed at this firm?

Where do I have to be when the show begins?

What time does he have to be at the corner?

When have they got to be ready?

How has he got to be the right person to solve this problem?

MUST HAVE III – (certanity/likelihood, assertion) must have been, must’ve been

He must have been at home at 8 pm – I saw light in his window.

You must’ve been here before – I can smell your perfume in the air.

Why didn’t you answer my call yesterday? – Ah, sorry, I must’ve been listening to music loudly.

CAN’T HAVE III - (certanity/likelihood, negative) can’t have been

He can’t have been at home at 7 pm – I didn’t see light in his window.

You can’t have been ill, because I heard you laughing loudly all the time.

They can’t have been helped by an expert.

She can’t have been studying at 5 pm, because at that time all her books and notes were in my drawer.

COULD HAVE III – could have been, could’ve been, couldn’t have been, (Wh) Could (sy) have been?

I could have been the one they chose, but I wasn’t, then.

He couldn’t have been a lawyer, because he used to be a criminal.

Could we have been the first in the queue, but you had problems with the security guard?

How could he have been stopped?

MAY HAVE III – may have been, may not have been, (Wh) May (sy) have been?

I may have been the cause of the failure, I must admit.

He may have been ill, that’s why we haven’t heard anything about him for a time.

May you have been here before, just you can’t remember?

Your boss may not have been told about your situation, and that’s why he has given you such a lot of tasks.

What may have been in this dish? It’s got a very strange smell.

MIGHT HAVE III – might have been, might’ve been, might not have been, (Wh) Might (sy) have been?

It might have been the solution, but we had a much better idea.

My car might have been mended, but I bought a new one, instead.

Might it have been yours? They have sold it – did you know that?

My book might not have been on his bookshelf, but I’m sure he’s read it some time earlier.

What might have been in the letter? She got very angry because of that.

When might the party have been on the top of the block of flats? Might they have loved the view or something?

WOULD HAVE III – would have been, would’ve been, ‘d have been, ‘d’ve been, would not have been, wouldn’t have been, (Wh) Would (sy) have been

I would have been her best friend, if she hadn’t got married to my worst enemy.

You wouldn’t have been ill, if you had worn a cap, a scarf, a warm coat and a pair of gloves.

Would he have been the chef here, if he had spoken a foreign language?

Where would we have been yesterday night if we hadn’t come here?

SHOULD HAVE III – should have been, should’ve been, should not have been, shouldn’t have been, (Wh)  (sy) be?

I should have been at home at 5 pm, I know.

He should have been better in the competition.

You shouldn’t have been late for the party – the guests had been waiting for you at leat for an hour.

Should the man have been an expert in that field for getting the job?

Why should I have been taller than 180? In that job I would have stood behind a counter and nobody would’ve seen that I’m standing on a small stool.

OUGHT TO HAVE III – ought to have been, ought not to have been, oughtn’t to have been, (Wh) Ought (sy) to have been?

You ought to have been generous and given some money to the beggar.

You oughtn’t to have been rude to that old man.

Ought he to have been there when the accident happened and been an eyevictim?

What ought we to have been doing when they came into the room?

DIDN’T NEED TO – didn’t need to be

He didn’t need to be at school last week – but I don’t know if he really was there or not.

I didn’t need to be up last night, so I went to bed very early.

NEEDN’T HAVE III – needn’t have been

You needn’t have been here till the end of the show, so I don’t understand why you didn’t go home earlier.

HAD TO – had to be, did not have to be, didn’t have to be, (Wh) Did (sy) have to be?

I had to be the judge in their case.

So you had to be the driver during your family holiday? Well then, you must have been tired when you arrived home after that.

I didn’t have to be stronger than the others just cleverer.

Did she have to work yesterday? I looked for her at her home but she wasn’t there.

What did she have to be doing between 6 and 7?

HAVE BEEN ABLE TO – have been able to be, ‘ve been able to be, has been able to be, ‘s able to be, have not able to be, haven’t able to be, has not able to be, hasn’t able to be, (Wh) Have (sy) been able to be? (Wh) Has (sy) been able to be?

I have been able to be at the top of the chart for a month.

I haven’t been able to be very different from the other artists for a long time, so I think I’ll give up painting.

How have you been able to be running so fast for 10 hours?

The verb ‘be’ in different tenses

PRESENT SIMPLE - am, I’m (not), aren’t I?, is, ‘s, isn’t, are, ‘re, aren’t)

I am at home. = I’m at home.

I am not tired. = I’m not tired.

Am I early? (But: I am early, aren’t I?)

Where am I?

He is at work. = He’s at work.

He is not tall. = He’s not tall. = He isn’t tall.

Is he your boss?

Who is your best friend? = Who’s your best friend?

They are on the table. = They’re on the table.

They are not at home. = They aren’t at home.

Are they heavy?

Why are they in the car?

PAST SIMPLE – was, wasn’t, were, weren’t

I was at home.

I wasn’t at work.

Was he the first?

Who was the second?

The boxes were in the kitchen.

The boxes weren’t in the car.

Were you at home yesterday?

Why were you at home yesterday?

“BE GOING TO I.” – I am going to be, I’m going to be, I’m not going to be; He is going to be, he’s going to be, he is not going to be, he isn’t going to be; you are going to be, you’re going to be, you are not going to be, you aren’t going to be

I’m going to be at home all weekend and relax – I have been working all week!

I’m not going to be excited by anything they will say at the lecture.

He is going to be away when his family wants to visit him.

They’re going to be around so it won’t be long and they will be here.

FUTURE SIMPLE – will be, will not be, won’t be

I will be late. = I’ll be late.

I will not be at work at the weekend. = I won’t be work at the weekend.

Will you be at home on Sunday?

When will you be at home? = When’ll you be at home?

PRESENT CONTINUOUS – I am being, is being, are being

I can’t speak to you, darling, - I am being interviewed at the moment.

Calm down, he is just being stupid.

Why are you always being your own worst enemy when you get more money than usual?

PAST CONTINUOUS – was being, was not being, wasn’t being, were being, were not being, weren’t being

I was being half the person I used to be every time I met a beautiful girl.

The criminal was being watched by the police when he met some well-known politicans.

The line was being engaged when they were trying to call him.

The players were being good at table tennis while they were trained by the famous coach.

FUTURE CONTINUOUS – will be being, ‘ll be being, will not be being, won’t be being

When you ask hime to come out with us, he will be being bored with the task you have given him – I’m sure he will agree to have a break.

PRESENT PERFECT – have been, ‘ve been, has been, ‘s been, haven’t been, hasn’t been

I have been here for an hour. = I’ve been here for an hour.

He has been ill since last week. = He’s been ill since last week.

I haven’t been to the cinema for six months.

He hasn’t been to Italy since last summer.

Have you been sent a letter from abroad lately?

She looks very tired. Has she been in the workshop all day?

Where have you been all afternoon?

Why has she been so happy since she came home from work?

PAST PERFECT – had been, ‘d been, had not been, hadn’t been

Before I started working as a writer, I had been a secretary in a very boring office.

He hadn’t been asked when his family spent all his money.

Had you been at home for an hour when they arrived from the party?

How long had they been at the firm when it closed up?

Future perfect – will have been, ‘ll have been, will not have been, won’t have been

When it happens I’ll have been in bed and sleeping for several hours so I won’t be interested.

He will have been an employee for years at an international company when he finally gets a certiciation about his language knowledge.

1. SIMPLE PRESENT (“there is/are; there’s / there’re”)

There is a cat in the room.

There are dogs in the yard.

There isn't a pen in my pocket.

There aren't any glasses on the table.

Is there a box in your car?

Are there any books on the shelf?

How much water is there in the bottle?

How many spoons are there in the drawer?

2. PAST SIMPLE (“there was/were”)

There was a boy at the front door.

There were a lot of people at the corner.

There wasn’t a good programme on TV last evening.

There weren’t many coins in my purse.

Was there a dog in the park?

Were there many children at the party?

How much water was there in the jug?

Why were there red pills on the table?

3. FUTURE SIMPLE (“there will be; there’ll be”)

There will be a chair at the table soon.

There won’t be anybody at school on Sunday.

Will there be a dog in the garden?

What will there be in the box?

4. PRESENT PERFECT (“there has/have been; there’s been; there’ve been”)

There has been a box in front of my door – but now I can’t find it.

There have been three people in our office for an hour, and they still want to speak to you.

There hasn’t been anybody in the shop so far.

There haven’t been good performances in the show; I start to think it wasn’t a good idea to come.

You look disappointed. Has there been nothing to eat in the fridge?

Why are you eating raw meat? Have there been some stupid anti-vegan gastro-shows on TV again?

Why has there been a big dog in my garden for an hour?

You look angry and tired. How many people have there been in your class?

5. PAST PERFECT (“there had been”)

There had been a small box on the table in the kitchen before I went out. Where is it now?

There hadn’t been anything in this copy-book before I started to write my thoughts in it.

Had there been anybody here before I opened the door?

How had there been everything at their places before I showed you where to put things?

6. FUTURE PERFECT (“there will have been; there’ll have been”)

There will have been many mobile phones thrown out into trashcans by the end of this decade.

There won’t have been anybody living on Mars by the end of this century.

Will there have been a bus at the station for some minutes when we arrive there by taxi?

How long will there have been a cup of coffee on the table when you are finally able to drink it?

Continuous structures are not used nowadays (I mean, I have read several thousands of pages, but I haven’t ever found ones like the followings: )

Present continuous (there is/are being)

Past continuous (there was/were being)

Future continuous (there will be being)

Present perfect continuous  (there have been being)

Past perfect continuous  (there had been being)

Future perfect continuous  (there will have been being)

*** *** ***

‘THERE + AUXILIARY VERB + BE’

CAN (“there can be”)

There can be a box on the table in the kitchen – don’t put it away, please!

There can’t be anything in the fridge. We must go shopping!

Can there be a solution for my problem? – Yes, there can. / No, there can’t.

What can there be under that carpet? Do you think it is a mouse?

COULD (past and conditional) (“there could be”)

There could be somebody at the door last night. He or she left a package on the doormat.

There could be a large picture on the opposite wall, and it would cover that ugly part on it.

There couldn’t be a big book in his bag – it wasn’t heavy at all.

There couldn’t be a man in the middle of the road, now, when peak time starts.

Could there be a friend of yours at the supermarket yesterday at 5 pm? I think I saw him. – Yes, there could. / No, there couldn’t.

Could there be a voice recorder on your desk during this lecture?

How much milk could be there in the fridge last night?

How many books could be there on the second level of the shelves?

MAY (“there may be”)

There may be a present under the Christmas tree – go and check!

There may not be enough time to finish this project, so we can’t stop now!

May there be a free taxi at the railway station?

How many people may there be in the building?

MIGHT (“there might be”)

There might be a great prize in the competition, so what about a try?

There might not be a solution to this problem, so I don’t want to waste any more time for that.

Might there be 2000 calories in the cake I have eaten? Oh, I think I have to go jogging tonight!

How might there be a way to get there on time?

WILL (“there will be”) (see in “There+be with tenses”)

WOULD (“there would be”)

There would be more time for the job if you asked for it.

There wouldn’t be a painting on your walls if I hadn’t helped you to choose them.

Would there be an empty seat for me to sit down? I’m a bit tired.

What would there be in your CV if you wanted to send it for a foreign firm?

SHOULD (“there should be”)

There should be some money in my purse but there isn’t any.

There shouldn’t be a car in front of our front door.

Should there be a leader for our group?

What should there be in a “welcome home” speech?

OUGHT TO (“there ought to be”)

There ought to be a clever pupil in every class.

There ought not to be a smoker among the sportsmen.

Ought there to be a mouse on your hat?

What ought there to be in my lunch-box? Some eggs and a slice of bread?

USED TO (“there used to be”)

There used to be a lake near our house. Now it is a park with trees.

There didn’t use to be so many cars on the roads.

Did there use to be many students in this summer camp?

How many children did there use to be in your neighbourhood when you were younger?

NEED TO (“there need to be”)

There needs to be a key to this door somewhere in the room.

There don’t need to be any tools for this machine to mend.

Does there need to be some petrol in a hybrid car?

What does there need to be in a modern home?

MUST (“there must be”)

There must be some available taxis at the airport and we can go in them into the town centre.

There mustn’t be anybody in the prohibited area.

Must there be a big backbag in the rear seat? It should be put under the seat.

What must there be in this cake according to the recipe?

HAVE TO (“there have to be; there has to be”)

There have to be some pens and pencils in your pencil-case.

There has to be a guard in front of the door.

There doesn’t have to be a map in the bag – I know the way to our hotel.

There don’t have to be any chairs at the table, because we won’t sit down.

Do there have to be some salt and pepper on the table? I can’t find a place for them.

Does there have to be a fan in the bathroom? There is a small window so you can air by opening it.

What kind of books do there have to be on a scientist’s bookshelf ?

What does there have to be in a hiker’s backbag?

BE ABLE TO (“there be able to be”) and HAVE BEEN ABLE TO (“there have been able to be”)

(I can hardly imagine a sentence with “be able to” and “there be” in one structure J )

MUST HAVE III. (“there must have been”), CAN’T HAVE III. (“there can’t have been”)

There must have been some eye-victims at the scene of the accident.

There can’t have been a mouse in the flat. The previous owners had a couple of cats.

COULD HAVE III (“there could have been”)

There could have been a terrible accident if they hadn’t warned you.

There couldn’t have been worse ideas than the ones the boss told us.

Could there have been flowers in the painting if I had told you to paint some?

What could there have been in the zoo if they had much more money for exotic animals?

MAY HAVE III. (“there may have been”)

There may have been a Santa Claus at the shopping centre but I didn’t see one.

There may not have been a screwdriver at home and that’s why he used a knife for mending the toaster.

May there have been a big red box in the garage? I think I saw something like that in the morning, but I was in a hurry.

What may there have been in that bag? It made a strange noise.

MIGHT HAVE III. (“there might have been”)

There might have been a nail on the road – that could make a hole in your tyre.

There might not have been nothing in the wardrobe that’s why she bought some new clothes.

Might there have been some peanuts in the cake? That could be an answer for his sickness after eating some.

WOULD HAVE III. (“there would have been”)

There would have been some great places to visit if we had had enough time to see them.

There wouldn’t have been any food for you for dinner if I hadn’t left you some after lunch.

Would there have been any questions you would have liked to ask after the lecture?

What would there have been in the letter if you had written it finally?

SHOULD HAVE III (“there should have been”)

There should have been some money in the little box but I couldn’t find a coin.

There shouldn’t have been any sugar in the cake you have made for the party.

Should there have been some fruit juice for the kids at the party?

How much water should there have been on the dog’s plate in the morning?

OUGHT TO HAVE III. (“there ought to have been”)

There ought to have been some paper in the printer! I couldn’t print my documents!

There ought not to have been problems at the meeting, but we couldn’t solve all our problems.

Ought there to have been a teacher in the classroom to look after the pupils during the free-lesson ?

What ought there to have been on the menu that they all would have eaten?

DIDN’T NEED TO (“there didn’t need to be”)

There didn’t need to be any cups at the party because everybody drank from their bottles.

NEEDN’T HAVE III (“there needn’t have been”)

There needn’t have been a lot of bottles of water in our car, because all the group members had brought themselves something to drink.

HAD TO (“there had to be”)

There had to be somebody to look after the kids during the party.

There didn’t have to be any cheese in the sandwiches – I put some cold cuts in them.

Did there have to be sugar in your tea? Sorry, I ran out of sugar some days ago.

What did there have to be in the speech that had to make the audience happy?